Youth is not a Time of Life Essay Example for Free

Youth is not a Time of Life EssayYouth is not a Time of Life it is a defer of Mind. It is the temperamental Predominance of courage everywhere timidity.The youth of today are not alien to anyone of us. According to some, the way our youth are faring directly classifies them as a serious problem of society.But I would like to ask these people,that how can modern youth be a problem of society when the selfsame(prenominal) youth is very much a part of society? Something which coexists and relates to our social order is to be called part of the society and so cannot be classified as a problem. The problems, which these unthinking few or many speak of, do not lie in these young people. The problems lie in the ways in which they have been guided or rather misguided.Many would agree that the Western Cultural Invasion has just left our youth clad in snap jeans and T-shirts with their heads up in the way in which they have been brought up. Children should be made to learn to distin guish between right and wrong and this responsibility lies on the shoulders of their elders. Today, an over whelming majority of the population of Pakistan is under privileged. The youth of this population does not have the means to develop and expand their horizons.Hammed in by conservative backgrounds, smothered by immoral values and then left entirely on their own, these youth are being transpired by the society they live in. So it is wrong to deem the youth the scapegoat for our own crime neglect. Our youth is an integral part of our society there is no denying that. Without them, there would be no hope left at all for the future. With proper guidance the youth of today can shape up to become the leaders of tomorrow. And to become that, our youth today involve role models more than they need critics. Youth walked slowly ahead of meLeading the way to the DawnAnd I followedFor the child is father to the man.(Khalil Jibran)

King Lear Shakespeares Essay Example for Free

world power Lear Shakespeares EssayDylan Thomass Do non go mild into that good night was influenced by William pantryman Yeatss Lapis Lazuli and William Shakespeares King Lear but the villanelle bears a stronger resemblance to Shakespeares play. The attitudes toward how an individual lives in the face of impending death, explored by Thomas, are also examined with the portrayal of Gloucester and Lear. Dylan Thomass Do not go gentle into that good night has been noted to bear the influence of and even echo W. B.Yeats, especially Lapis Luzuli, and, secondarily via this poem, Shakespeares King Lear. One scholar notes its Yeatsian oertones (Fraser 51) an early(a) judges Thomass villanelle to have much of the concentrated fury of expression which the poetry of the older Yeats contained, but to a greater extent(prenominal) tenderness and sympathy (Stanford 117), and goes on to say. , citing Lapis Lazuli, that Yeats depict the poet as one who knows that Hamlet and Lear are gay ( 118). William York Tindall cites not only Lapis Lazuli but in any case Yeatss The Choice as sources (204).Another scholar seems to skip over Yeats entirely (though his own phrasing echoes line 1 of Lapis Lazuli), seeing the Grave men/blind tercet (which contains the injunction to be gay) as perhaps invoking the Miltonic (Tindall also mentions Milton 205) and the effect of the phrase be gay as rather hysterical sentimentality (Holbrook, Dissociation 53) of the earlier Wise men/lightning verse, however, he says The images are however there, histrionically, to bring in the phrase forked no lightning to give a Lear-like grandeur to the dirge (52).I would like to propose that Do not go gentle into that good night bears a much stronger and to a greater extent direct connection to Shakespeares play than is suggested by references to Yeats or to Lear-like grandeur. I would like to propose that the attitudes towards deathor, more precisely, the attitudes towards how one lives in the face of impending deaththat Thomas explores in this poemthe implied attitude his speaker attributes to his direct audience, and the one he urges be adopted in its placeare similarly explored in King Lear and dramatized in the characters of Gloucester and Lear.I also propose that the voice we hear in Do not go gentle may not be a directly lyric speaker but an obliquely drawn persona, that of Gloucesters son Edgar. Further, when read in the shadow cast by King Lear, the tone of Thomass poem grows dark indeed. Do not go gentle into that good night is addressed to Thomass father, David John, known as D. J. According to biographer Paul Ferris, D. J. was an upset man a man with regrets (27) born with brains and literary talent, his ambition was to be a man of letters, but he was never able to antenna beyond being a sardonic provincial schoolmaster in South Wales, feared for his sharp tongue (26-33). After his first serious illness, thoughcancer in 1933A mellow is said to have been noticeabl e soon after his sarcasm was not so sharp he was a changed man (104).As he grew more chronically ill in the 40s, mostly from heart disease and with one of the complications being trouble with his sight, the mellowing intensified As Ferris puts it, It must have been D. J. s backbone of angry dignity that his son grieved to see breaking long after, when he wrote Do not go gentle into that good night (27), and the poem is an exhortation to his father, a plea for him to die with anger, not humility (259).The poem was first published in November, 1951, in Princess Caetanis Botteghe Oscure, on consecutive pages with Lament, a dramatic monologue intercommunicate by an old man on his deathbed who recalls his rollicking youth and middle-age spent in the pursuit (and capture) of wine, women, and song, but who has married at last in govern to obtain a caretaker, and must suffer pious comforting in his final, helpless days. (Bibliographic evidence suggests the two were also composed, or at l east finalized, more or less simultaneously Kidder 188.)In the letter to Caetani that contained Do not go gentle, Thomas remarked that this little one might well be printed with Lament as a contrast (qtd. in Kidder 188). As Ferris suggests, it would be difficult to over-estimate D. J. s influence on his son . . . the pattern of Dylans life was in some measure out a response to D. J. Thomas and his wishes. For the early books that Dylan Thomas read, the rhythms he absorbed, and probably for his obsession with the magic of the poets function, he was indebted to D. J. (283). Prominent among those early books read by Thomas are the works of Shakespeare.In 1948 (and Thomas might have begun his, as usual, protracted drafting and revision of Do not go gentle in 1945, after D. J. suffered a nearly fatal illness Tindall 204), Thomas wrote a journalist that D. J. s reading aloud of Shakespeare seemed to me, and to nearly every other boy in the school, very grand indeed all the boys who were with me at school, and who have spoken to me since, agree that it was his reading that made them, for the first time, see that there was, after all, something in Shakespeare and all his poetry. . . (qtd. in Ferris 33 his ellipses).That Thomas was familiar with and admiring of Shakespeare is, of course, no surprise, but his direct linkage of his father with Shakespeare, particularly at this nous in time, is interesting, and he demonstrated more than familiarity with King Lear In 1950, during one of his reading tours in America, he spent an evening with novelist Peter de Vries (who would later use Thomas as the basis for the poet Gowan McGland in Reuben, Reuben) and, among other conversational gambits, declaimed some Lear (de Vries, qtd.in Ferris 233). That he was equally well-immersed in Yeats is verified by the fact that poems by Yeats were among those he performed on his 1950 tour of

Understanding The Growth Theory By Solow Economics Essay

Understanding The Growth supposition By Solow Economics EssayRobert Solow was born of a Jewish family on August 23, 1924 in Brooklyn. Fortunate with the opportunity to attend public schools, he had a strong academic foundation along with with motivation and mentoring he was awarded a scholarship to attend Harvard University in 1940. During his newbie year at Harvard he chose sociology and anthropology as his majors with a minor in elementary economics. At the end of 1945 Robert Solow decided to serve in the US army and later returned to Harvard in 1945. The depression at the time strongly influenced him to study the way the parsimony actually worked and after returning from the army he decided to switch gears and studied economics.At Harvard he was an assistant to Wassily Leontief producing the first set of crownwork coefficient for the output and input lay sparking his interest in statistics and luck models which lead him to Columbia University for a concentration in statisti cs. About the same time he was also offered a position to lecture economics and statistics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) which he accepted and overtime his fascination leaned more with macro economics. For 40 old age Solow worked closely with Paul Samuelson and together they create numerous work together such as Balanced Growth under Constant Returns to Scale, (1953), Theory of Capital (1956) and A Complete Capital type Involving Heterogeneous Capital Goods. In 1961, Robert Solow won the John Bates Clark Award which is given to someone under 40 years who have made a major contribution to economic thought and knowledge. His continued efforts and passion for macro economics resulted to him winning the Nobel Prize in 1987 for his analysis in economic increment.Over the years Solow has continued to be a prominent figure as an economist, his theory is thought all over the world from government to his theory thought in schools. The study of the factors which permit pr oduction fruit and increased welfare has been a central feature in economic research for many years. Robert M. Solows prize recognizes his exceeding contributions in this area. This paper will discuss the major contributions Robert Solow made to economics in an A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth (1956), the influences for his analysis and its relevance in understanding how the economy works.Understanding the Solow growth theory is a challenge due to the number of models that he incorporates to explain growth theory. The basic model focuses on the accumulation of bully after which Solow incorporates new factors such as population growth and engine room in order to show the changed result in comparison to the basic model. To aid in development of his Growth Theory, Robert Solow addressed the specifics concerning the growth of an advance industrial economy, this was first developed by Nicholas Kaldor. Kaldor has six characteristics for the economy, quaternion of whic h Solow focused mainly to development the Solow model. original output grows at a constant rate.Capital Stock grows at a constant rateReal growth and detonating device storehouse are likely to be the sameProfit rates show a horizontal trend with the exception of changes in effective demand.The first three characteristics describe when an economy is in the steady press out. To expand on this definition the steady introduce as described by Robert Solow is constant growth and pileus stock.In an article, A Contribution to the theory of economic growth (1956) Solow growth model represented an addition to the Harod- Domar Model which explained growth patterns in terms of savings and capital. The main differentiation between his model and the Harrod-Domar model lay in Solows self-confidence that wages could adjust to keep outwear fully employed.The Solow Model is neo-classical and as a results focuses primarily on the supply emplacement. This implies that as long the supply of a go od increases then economic growth can be accomplished. In this aspect it differs from the Keynesian models which focus on the demand side of the economy in areas such as unemployment and inflation. The supply side In Solows model follows the following assumptions One good in production with no change in technology and two factors of production, capital (K) and labor (L) derivation the following equationY =F (K, L). The demand side for the Solow model assumes that output demand is equal to consumption and and so there is no useable income in the economy. Y= C + SThus far the model describes a stagnant economy and Solow introduces dynamic factors in the model to show capital accumulation which are investment which increases the capital stock and depreciation which decreases capital stock. The saving rate in this model represents the tradeoff between consumption and investment. This subject matter, what is non consumed is saved in the economy this therefore increases capital stock growth or capital accumulation in the economy. In the active economy in the Solow model the production changes and is represented by the equation Y=F (K, S, , k0) meaning output is a function of capital, savings, depreciation and capital stock. By utilizing the capital stock increases output in different periods but at some point the economy comes to a steady state as described by the Solow Model. The steady state is accomplished when output and capital are in equilibrium. It also implies that the economy will cease to grow so there is no change in capital at that point. Furthermore an economy in a positive steady state does not move from that point therefore this can also be considered as the equilibrium pointThe variables listed above can be divided into two variables exogenous which comprises of savings depreciation and capital stock and endogenous which are capital, income and investments. The model shows that increased savings shifts increases investments which impacts the ste ady rate causing it to shift also. This activity illustrates that higher savings in an economy gist that there is higher capital stock thus leaders to higher steady state per worker. Therefore in the economy one fatality to know that is the optimum level of savings is necessary to get to maximize steady state which is known was the golden rule.To recap, the steady state can be referred to as long run equilibrium in the economy and savings is critical in the model because it shows that by increasing savings the steady state can shift upward which asserts higher level of capital stock per worker. The concept of golden rule was also incorporated in the Solows Growth Theory but prior to that the golden rule was a concept by Jon von Neumann and later in the work of Edmund Phelps. In Solows Growth Theory, he makes the assumption that policy makers will accordingly determine a savings rate that will maximize consumption per worker referring to it as the golden level of capital accumula tion.Robert Solow did not stop here with his theory he went on further to introduce population growth in his dynamic model which also means that the labor force is growing as well. What Solow is illustrating is the effect of this exogenous factor on the population. Therefore the capital stock will be divided thin across the increasing population. Since this increase in population is decreasing the capital stock this indicates there is a negative effect on income per worker. Solow then adds technology to the model, technology as described by Solow can improve efficiency of production and this means that there is an increase in output ultimately leading to the sustained growth in the economy. At this stage in the model, Solow uses a new production function to describe the economy Y=F (K, L, E, ) this means that output is a function of capital, labor, efficiency and effective worker for this economy. Solow goes on to describe what is meant by an efficient worker and this is characteriz ed by knowledge, familiarity and ability. Output can consequently increase by the efficiency levels of workers. Efficiency in this model per effective worker can move the steady state equilibrium where capital stock per worker constant. As a result, with technological progress in this model the capital stock per worker is growing at the technology rate eventide in the steady state due to efficiency in the economy. We can see that even if capital is not growing in the steady state capital per effective worker is at the rate of technology. In addition, this also asserts that output per worker is also growing at a rate of technology. Combined, wide output and capital stock are both growing when the two variables population and technology are present. The Solow Model therefore shows that technological progress in the economy explains sustained economic growth in the context of living standards per worker.

Problems Faced Before ERP Implementation

Problems Faced Before ERP ImplementationSome selective knowledge, coming from eat R/3, goes this instant into SAP NetWeaver BI selective information marts. But the rest, which comes from diverse systems that handle billing, customer relationship management (CRM), mediation, provisioning, and prepaid gross sales, goes first to a third-party extract/transform/ interference (ETL) system. The ETL system takes the info from e truly c all(prenominal) that customers make every payment, every military service call, and more and transforms it based on commercial enterprise rules before storing it in a third-party databaseAbout assent Infocomm opinion Infocomm is the outcome of the late visionary Dhirubhai Ambanis (1932-2002) dream to herald a digital revolution in India by bringing affordable means of cultivation and communication to the doorsteps of Indias vast population.Make the tools of Infocomm available to people at an affordable bell, they will overcome the handicaps of i lliteracy and lack of mobility, Dhirubhai Ambani charted out the bursting charge for corporate trust Infocomm in late 1999. He saw in the potential of information and communication technology a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for India to leapfrog over its historical legacy of backwardness and under founderment.Working at breakneck speed, from late 1999 to 2002 Reliance Infocomm built the backbone for a digital India 60,000 kilometres of fibre optic backbone, crisscrossing the entire country. The Reliance Infocomm pan-India network was commissioned on December 28, 2002, the 70th birth anniversary of Dhirubhai. This day also marked his first birth anniversary after his end July 6, 2002.Reliance Infocomm network is a pan India, high capacity, integrated (wireless and wireline) and convergent (voice, data and video) digital network, designed to offer services that span the entire Infocomm time cheer chain infrastructure, services for enterprises and individuals, exertions and consulting. The network is designed to deliver services that will foster a new-fangled way of life for India. enlightenclarify CRM is the proceeds of clarify Inc.Customer Relationship Management is a comprehensive business strategy, foc utilise on the process of acquiring, managing, retaining and partnering with selective customers to ca-ca superior long-term value for the accompany and the customers.In a nutshell, CRM strives to identify customers who provide the greatest return to the company, and to optimize relationships with those customers.CRM features Segmenting customersResponding uniquely to the best customersHaving a 360 degree view, of a customer measuring rod and driving wad the address of customer acquisitionAttracting customers employ the totality of the experience you provideNeed for CRMCustomers pull in the upper hand in roughly purchase transactionsThey atomic number 18 inherently less loyalThey have rising expectationsThey no longer tolerate companies tha t dont impart the basics rightAdvantages of CRMTo shit a best(p) understanding of customers wants and needsAllows companies to gather and access information about customers buying histories, preferences, complaints, and other data so they stub better forewarn what customers will want.The goal is to instill greater customer loyalty.Used in association with data wargonhousing, data mining, call centers and other intelligence-based applicationsFaster reaction to customer inquiriesIncreased efficiency by means of automationObtaining information sharable with business partnersDeeper understanding of CustomersIncreased marketing and selling opportunitiesIdentifying the some profitable customersImproved products and services through customer feedbackClarify Design PhilosophyFlexibleWherever possible rules atomic number 18 held as data in the applicationCustomizableExtremely lightsome to exchange look and functionality of screensCan add new fields, tables and relationships to the databaseUpgradeableWe want you to be able to stay current easilyHighly scaleableHigh volume with good response timesComprehensive and open data model more(prenominal) flexibility than most people needCan use any SQL-based tools for reporting, etcInternationalize faculty to deal with multi-currency, different languages, etcWorkflow orientatedStrong ownership paradigm so nothing falls through the cracksUse of standardsThe new applications include Clarify Customer Portal which stores customer information and lets customers communicate with a company via methods such as E-mail and online chat. Clarify eOrder lets customers shop online then takes monastic orders and manages them through fulfillment it works in conjunction with Clarify eConfigurator which determines customer needs and then helps configure complex products. Clarify eMerchandising lets businesses draw from customer analysis data and develop personalized marketing campaigns and product flingsClarify ApplicationsCall Center ClearCallCenterFront end for Contact Center AgentsManages overall customer interactionCan be used as sales application or as a front-end to ClearSupport for hybrid sales/service. Operates in both relationship-based call centers and high-volume, one and done sales environmentsSales Force Automation ClearSalesHandles prospects and lastsSales force automationProvides management of all aspects of the selling cycle, from lead through completed order. Provides an enterprise-wide view of sales and keep activities in accounts for on release relationship management activitiesCustomer Support ClearSupportIs a trouble management systemSingle point of contact for service requests and hassle reportingComprehensive technical support management system, Handles calls that involve service requests, doubts, etc.DSS is a data w behousing incision that caters to the needs of the management by delivering vital information to business users to make timely and accurate decisions for business growth leading to effective and efficient operations to gain a competitive edge in the marketplace.DSS is a system that Collects data from multiple sources, Summarizes data as per business needs and creates reports at business operationsDSS enables business users to centrally monitor and analyse information, monitor various levelts and enable them to react to those events by providing a single view of business information. DSS is a business-centric data warehousing department with an integrated workflow mechanism that supports streamlined business processes. It delivers high performance access to all information and applications on CRM, Billing, Product and Network domains.CRM applications delivered by a DSS enable business user to analyse number of customers, trends and usage patterns of individual customers, individual customer records, etc. It also holds information about customer service like Interaction and Cases handled by Call Center, Number of Interactions, Interaction Category, Number of Cases, Case Status, Case Category, etc.Product applications provide all pertinent information about the usage and performance of various products like SMS, R-Connect, R-World etc.Billing applications provide all pertinent information about the billing and outstanding of coast customers. It holds in information of ADC Service Status, Billing Circle, CIOU Code, Channel Code, Channel Type, City, Customer Type, No.of Invoices, and No. of compensations, OG Barred Status, OTAF Month, Payment Option, Rate Plan, Service wise, Month wise, Zero Payment wise Billing Status.DSS offers three kinds of reports namelyOLAP Reports (http//dss.ril.com/) course Intelligence Reports (http//dssbi.ril.com)Ad hoc Reports based on the data requested by the business userETLThe acronym ETL is used to describe the processes used by DSS to obtain data from impertinent sources and make it usable to the DSS applications. ETL stands for Extract, Transform and Load.Extraction is the process of selectin g and pulling data from the operational and outside(a) data sources, in order to prepare it for the warehouse. Also called Data Extraction. A good extraction is based on a Business Rule. Business rules are applied to data using constraints.There are two basic ways that the extract process is performed. Either the system providing information will demote the DSS team up a feeder file. This file will than be accepted by DSS and used to load tables. The other option is for the DSS team to write SQL cipher and actually perform in place extractions from source systems. In both of these cases, the timing, data volume estimates and source systems impacts need to be consideredTransformation is the process of manipulating data. whatsoever manipulation beyond copying is a transformation. Process includes cleansing, aggregating, and integrating data from multiple sources.Example Address1, Address2, Address3 could be concatenated as one single field.Transformation is the biggest, most comp licated, most resource intensive and most important of DSS process. The transformation takes raw, unclean, unformatted, unsynchronized, sparse, and often corrupt data sources and standardizes, cleans and play offes it up enough to make it useful for further analysis..BOBusiness Objects is a reporting tool for SQL compliant databases. It allows users to prepare custom reports from a number of databases simultaneously, which in turn facilitates advanced reporting and data analysis.Loading is the be step in the ETL process. Loading is nothing more than taking the outputs from the transformation process and place it into an Oracle table. The process of moving extracted, transformed into the data warehouse. in general the data is loaded to the Target table. Target table holds the intermediate or final results of any part of the ETL process. The target of the entire ETL process is the data warehouse.BWThe SAP Business instruction Warehouse allows you to analyze data from operative SA P applications as well as all other business applications and external data sources such as databases, online services and the Internet. The Administrator Workbench functions are designed for controlling, monitoring and maintaining all data retrieval processes.The SAP Business Information Warehouse enables Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), which processes information from large amounts of operative and historical data. OLAP technology enables multi-dimensional analyses from various business perspectives. The Business Information Warehouse Server for nerve areas and processes, pre-configured with Business Content, ensures you can look at information within the entire enterprise. In selected roles in a company, Business Content offers the information that employees need to harbor out their tasks. As well as roles, Business Content contains other pre-configured objects such as InfoCubes, queries, samara figures, characteristics that make BW death penalty easier.With the Business Explorer, the SAP Business Information Warehouse provides flexible reporting and analysis tools for analyses and decision-making support in your enterprise. You analyze the dataset of the Business Information Warehouse by defining queries for Infocubes using the BEx Query Designer. By selecting and combining InfoObjects (characteristics and key figures) or reusable structures in a query, you determine the way in which you navigate through and evaluate the data in the selected InfoProvider. The layout of the report needs to be pre-defined before design. Reports are the final deliverable to the users.The process of report definition starts with requirement and ends with its development and testing by Business Analysts. During this process the Business Analysts interacts with report developer closely and fine tunes the outcomes in a back and forth form of process. The developer in turn technically chooses the InfoObjects (characteristics and key figures) already defined in the cube tha t needs to become part of the report.BenefitsFrom the day we started operating our business, our managers had information about the traffic, how the products we launched into the market were performing, how our customers were using them, how we were acquiring new customers, and our customer interactions, Gupta explains. All these things helped us to provide services with lower costs, which is one of the reasons we were able to win the market.SAP NetWeavers ability to span corporate silos and offer a single view of corporate information lets the DSS team deliver solutions quickly and accurately. For instance, approximately 95 percent of the data is loaded from non-SAP systems, with 18 million records process daily, and SAP NetWeaver is the key factor that made Reliance Infocomms success possible.An aggregate enhances performance by duplicating the data from an InfoCube and storing it in a summarized form so you can access it quickly for reporting. If you want great performance resul ts with reports and you do use aggregates. Using SAP NetWeavers aggregate tool lets you increase flexibility while shrewd and can sometimes let you meet more than one business requirement with the same model.SAP Opportunities1. IntegrationIntegration can be the highest gather of them all. The only real project aim for implementing ERP is reducing data redundancy and redundant data entry. If this is set as a goal, to automate inventory calling card to G/L, then it might be a successful project. Those companies where integration is not so important or even dangerous tend to have a hard time with ERP. ERP does not improve the individual efficiency of users, so if they expect it, it will be a big disappointment. ERP improves the cooperation of users.2. EfficiencyGenerally, ERP packet focuses on integration and tend to not bring off about the daily needs of people. I think individual efficiency can suffer by implementing ERP. the big question with ERP is whether the benefit of int egration and cooperation can make up for the loss in personal efficiency or not.3. Cost reductionIt reduces cost only if the company took accounting and reporting seriously even before implementation and had put a lot of manual effort in it. If they didnt care about it, if they just did some simple accounting to fill mandatory statements and if internal reporting did not exists of has not been fincancially-oriented, then no cost is reduced.4. slight personnelSame as above. Less reporting or accounting personnel, but more sales assistants etc.5. AccuracyNo. People are accurate, not software. What ERP does is makes the lives of inaccurate people or organization a complete hell and whitethornbe forces them to be accurate (which means hiring more people or distributing work better), or it falls.ChallengesEven though the company started its DSS before the sales side launched, it still had to deal with multiple data sources across heterogeneous platforms a common issue for most organiz ations working with business intelligence (BI), and a challenge perfect for SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence (SAP NetWeaver BI).Data granularity More granular models require higher data loads and more maintenance. While designing a model, its critical to keep the principles of star schema in mind. unity schema is generally considered the simplest data warehouse schema, and its characterized by very large fact tables that contain the primary information in the data warehouse in conjunction with smaller dimension tables that contain information about particular attributes of the data in the larger fact table. With this in mind, your model should achieve data summarization by a factor of 13 so that youre not working with more than 33 percent of your source data.Dimensions Group your information objects into dimensions so that each dimension has a balanced number of records, and put frequently used characteristics into one dimension so you can cut down on the number of table JOINs needed for the OLAP processor to churn out the data.Data deletion If you want to scale, you need to have a data-deletion process in place that the application owners have clearly agreed to and understood, and you need to have the deletion process in place at the role model stage.Navigational attributes By using navigational attributes in SAP NetWeaver, you can maintain data consistency when dimensions change slowly, and you can reduce data-storage requirements, but you have to analyze this during the modeling stage to get the benefits.Problemsthe company would have been forced to have multiple copies and different views of the same data.Implementation Timetable1999 Forms and begins construction of fiber-optic networks Late2002 Launches and creates first Bl application March2003 Has commercial launch Mid2003 DSS starts rolling out Bl application July2003 Gains 1 million new subscribers Late 2003/early 2004 Bl applications roll out to supererogatory locations.Six Critical Recomme ndationsGuptas initial decision-support team of three people augmented by BI consultants from around the world has now grown to 65 stave members and counting. Gupta and his DSS team offer some critically important recommendations to those planning an SAP NetWeaver BI implementation.1 Plan to scale. One way or another, all BI systems get bigger. Some get bigger because businesses keep generating data they dont really need, but most often products, pricing, and markets become increasingly complex, which is true for Reliance Infocomm. In order to compete, the company must span diverse geographies and offer a variety of products and services as business analysts identify shifting customer needs. In addition, the true growth in the number of customers presents the most obvious scalability issue. We are expecting the business to grow from 14 million customers to 20 million customers by the end of 2006, Gupta says. Those are the kinds of estimates we have to work with.2 Involve the busi ness. Simple at first glance, this fundamental rule is often overlooked but is critical to a DSS. At Reliance Infocomm, each analytic application has a business sponsor who owns the application, in addition to business analysts who help to translate the business requirements into IT implementation terms. This all affects how the DSS team sets up InfoCubes for the business units.How you model your business requirement with SAP NetWeaver is the most important thing, Gupta notes. If your model is bad, its not going to work and the information is never going to come out. So, mapping all your business objects into a multidimensional cube is the most important step and SAP NetWeavers features are excellent for modeling.When its time to pass water analytic applications, the DSS team builds only solutions that have clear business owners attached. This is critical for two reasons First, business owners come to the DSS team only with business-driven needs (as opposed to IT offering what it thinks the business might need). Second, the DSS team knows it will get launch support to correct unforeseen problems quickly, as well as see that the users start putting the applications to use. How many awesome applications are built each year that fail for lack of use or business alignment? For this DSS team, that just doesnt happen.3 Ensure data trust. Another problem with many BI installations is a lack of user trust of the systems, and it can happen at any level numbers dont match in front of a line-of-business manager or customers on the other end of the phone dispute the information available to your call-center employees. Business analysts, Gupta says, can be invaluable in resolving problems as the DSS team consolidates data from disparate systems into layers for the InfoCubes.Sometimes there can be a problem with the interpretation of the data, adds Arun Dhall, lead architect for Reliance Infocomms DSS team. For example, when you look at the number of customers acquired y esterday, people who just filled out the application form could be new customers, but as weve defined it, when a person actually registers with the network, thats when they become a customer. Its these common definitions used across the business especially when the numbers are both fundamentally accurate that build ongoing positive momentum for DSS applications.4 Delete Delete Delete At 3.5 terabytes (TB) in SAP NetWeaver and 30TB altogether, Reliance Infocomms DSS system is one of the largest in the world, but that doesnt mean it has to grow astronomically. To combat data bloat, We have very clear data-retention policies in place that decide how long the data is stored, Gupta says. We have cd million records coming over per day, so if we were going to store all this information, it would be multi-hundred TB by now.This again, Gupta says, comes back to the business owners who understand that theres a cost to keeping information and who must decide how long they really need it. Fr om an IT perspective, this policy not only keeps your data growth under control, it helps force the business managers to focus on what they really need from the DSS to achieve the desired results.5 Dont skimp on look and feel. Many in-house applications are functional, but they look terrible and are hard to understand, which can adversely affect the success of the application more than IT bugs. You should be able to make a report that is not complicated and is easy to understand, Gupta says. If you give users a complex report, they will never use it. At every level, Reliance Infocomm employees are using DSS. Part of every application rollout is end-user education, and the company is now at the point where product managers want their own data marts so they can analyze the information themselves. Also, Gupta says, the information should come out fast. The largest Reliance InfoCube has close to 1 billion rows, and yet it generates consistent response times that let employees act in les s than a minute.6 Always chase and never give up. Guptas DSS team lives by this motto, which basically means that IT is empowered to push hard to find or chase down answers to any technical question or goal. The DSS team is very persistent, Gupta says, and it comes down to a culture of believing that anything is possible.If we can think it, we can do it, says Pramod Kejriwal, development lead for the DSS team. Our philosophy is we dont debate in giving anything up very easily. The philosophy has infected the business owners, too. Anything they think they need to help do their business in a better way, they ask they should be thinking about business, not whether something is technically possible.Into the FutureFor now, the numbers clearly speak to Reliance Infocomms DSS success More than 1,500 active users across India, 250 concurrently, more than 150 applications, more than 300 online analytical processing (OLAP) reports, more than 300 SAP NetWeaver BI reports, more than 200 mont hly ad hoc reports all working with more than 24TB of data which make Reliance Infocomms DSS, an in-house implementation, one of the largest data warehouses in the world.More fundamentally important, though, is the fact that business users have adopted the DSS implementation as the single and most authentic source of corporate information, Gupta notes, which speaks to the companys ability to scale into the future.On the drawing board, Gupta looks forward to information broadcasting and implementing creative quislingism rooms using a revamped SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer (in SAP NetWeaver 2004s), management cockpit, planning and simulation model, data mining (APD), and actively working on even higher-performance analytics by using SAP Business Intelligence Accelerator (SAP BI Accelerator also part of SAP NetWeaver 2004s) as an appliance tool with break-dance hardware that can index an InfoCube, which you can then use to run very fast queries.Whatever comes next, Reliance Infocom m has used SAP NetWeaver BI to create a DSS capable of handling one of the worlds largest BI workloads both now and in the future.Challenges with SAP1. ExpensiveThis entails software, hardware, implementation, consultants, training, etc. Or you can hire a programmer or two as an employee and only buy business consulting from an outside source, do all customization and end-user training inside. That can be cost-effective.2. Not very flexibleIt depends. SAP can be configured to almost anything. In Navision one can develop almost anything in days. Other software may not be flexible.

Strategies for Loan Repayment Rates

Strategies for Loan Repayment RatesINTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION need of access to the formal credit facility through formal banking and financial institutions has been one of the major hurdles faced by the deplorable people of the develop countries. in that respect are two main reasons widely discussed. Firstly, the commercial banks and institutions think that the add demanded by the poor people are in very beautiful amount and it is not economical for the banks to grant these loans. Secondly, these poor people often failed to provide every collateral, this makes their loan requirements risky, and conventional banks and institutions avoid entertaining these types of loans (Secondi, 2008). The solution to these problems was provided by microfinance programs. The primary objective of microfinance programs around the world is to reduce the poverty by providing small loans to the neglected poor people without the condition of collateral.Microfinance has gained a considerable hold ov er the past three decades collectible to its weapon of providing the credit access to the neglected poor people. In pursuit of the fight against poverty, small loans were provided by the microfinance institutions (MFIs) to the poor people so that they may utilize them to establish small businesses or expand their existing business and achieve self sufficiency. However, there has been considerable differences in the rate of interest charged on these loans by the various MFIs, quittance rates and level of self sufficiency achieved by the borrowers around the different regions of the development countries (Ahlin et al 2011).MFIs normally use convocation add methodology to expand the credit access to the poors. This methodology helps the microfinance clients to keep a check on the veracious utilization of the loan amount and also allowing only those persons to be the part of the grouping who possess a good moral and financial reputation in their society. Eventually, much of the loaners responsibility of the supervision is huckstered on to the group members. This helps the group members to effectively control the problems arising from fractional information on the financial health of the individuals intending to join the group (Armendariz and Morduch, 2005). It has been viewed that the group loan given under joint indebtedness lending pay offs play an effective role in enforcing the contract conditions of loan repayments through partner manageing by the group members. Under the joint/ group liability contracts, each group member is responsible for the repayment of the loan in cheek of any member reports default. on that pointfore, each group member act as guarantor for the others. It had been argued by various researchers that in a joint liability contracts the group members are well informed about their fellow group members compared to the MFIs or banks. on that pointfore, this peer monitoring by the group members is much more effective and a che aper than the MFIs (or banks) monitoring (Varian, 1990 Stiglitz, 1990 and Banerjee et al 1994).There are a number of studies1 suggesting that the group liability programs work better in addressing the problem incomplete information faced by the lenders and banks, as much of the responsibility has been shifted to the group members, resultantly lowering the cost faced by the MFIs. Some studies such as Tassel, 199 and Ghatak, 1999 argued that the in group liability loans, the self selection of the group members helps in reducing the problem of incomplete information and can generate higher repayment rates. There are various laboratory experimental studies tried to investigate the group liability loans and effects of peer monitoring on repayment rates. Such as, Cason et al (2009) in their study found that even the monitoring was a costly activity and subjects were required to pay the cost of monitoring, but still the group partners preferred to monitor each other. They also observed th at when the cost of monitoring paid by the group members was less than the cost paid by the lender, the group liability programs performed better than the individual liability programs. They also pointed out that in the absence of difference in monitoring cost (among group monitoring cost and lenders cost), the repayment behavior of the subjects remained almost similar in both group and individual lending cases. In another study conducted by Kono (2006) in Vietman, reported that even in the forepart of monitoring and imposition of penalties to the defaulters, the default rates were higher in group liability cases compared to the individual liability cases.There are few studies explaining the importance of social ties between the group members towards effective monitoring and loan repayment rates. There are a number of ways the social ties can be effective, one of the most important factors is the full information about the group members. This complete information makes it is much easier for the group members to monitor their fellow partners, and if required they can enforce the contract terms (Besley and Coate, 1995, Abbink et al 2006).However, we were interested in investigating the effect of peer monitoring and choice of microfinance contracts on the loan repayments. The peer monitoring has been discussed extensively in the literature, however, the evidence on the choice of microfinance contracts (i.e. The choice among the interest and non-interest based microfinance contracts) is non existent. We do observe studies addressing the choice among the individual and group lending contracts by the microfinance lenders (Gine and Karlan, 2008, Bhole and Ogden, 2010, Madajewicz, 2011). We conducted laboratory experiments with the students of the University of Sydney, Australia during October, 2013. In our study, there were four treatments and the subjects were offered the loan under the group liability scheme. A pair of two subjects conventional a group and there were 74 groups in total (148 subjects). In the first treatment, subjects can demand to monitor their partners repayment actions, past they were required to choose a contract from the given two contracts (PLS and IB). After choosing the contracts, they were recording their repayment actions. In the second treatment, subjects were allowed to go for monitoring, but they were not allowed to choose the contracts rather the experimenter had allocated the both PLS and IB contracts randomly and evenly. With the third treatment, there was no monitoring choice available to the subjects, but they were allowed to choose from the PLS and IB contracts. In the fourth and last treatment, subjects were neither allowed to monitor, nor allowed to choose from the PLS and IB contracts, the contacts were allocated by the experimenter in a randomly and evenly way. There were five rounds for each treatment and after every round the subjects were swapped randomly and it was ensured that the uniform subje ct should not be the matched with the other more than once. The subjects were able to identify their group partner through their roll numbers, but they cannot see and talk to him. There was a monitoring fee2 for all those subjects who were opting to monitor their group partner. Yet, while monitoring they can impose penalty on to their defaulted partner. The decision of monitoring or differently was a common knowledge for both the group partners.This experimental study was conducted to address the mentioning research questions.Whether peer monitoring and peer pressure (imposition of penalty) impress the repayment rates positively?Are there any choice taste perceptions for PLS and IB contracts? How choice of the contracts affects the repayment rates?Are there any gender particular differences in repayment rates?Whether the degree of religiousism affects the repayment behavior of the subjects?In summary, our results indicated that the monitoring had a significantly positive effect on the loan repayment rates in both with and without choice of contract cases. There were significantly higher proportion of subjects, choosing the PLS contact against the IB contract. Although, there was a high preference for PLS contracts, but at the resembling time we did not stigmatise any change in repayment rates for both PLS and IB contracts. Moreover, we noticed lower repayment rates in no monitoring with no selection of contract treatment. We did not observe any gender related differences. Also the results revealed that the degree of religiosity was not affecting the repayment behavior of the subject. For the empirical analysis of this experimental work, we use the percentages to analyze the repayment rates. Paired t-test and McNemars test were also utilize to examine the differences in behavioral responses of subjects across treatments. Finally, we applied panel logit regression methodology to check the significance of monitoring choices against the no monitoring cases and PLS contract against the IB contract in the presence of demographic and other control variables.The rest of the chapter continues as follows. Section 2 gives a literature overview. Section 3 describes the experimental contracts, program and execution. Results are discussed in Section 4 and in Section 5, we analyze the results and concluded the study.RELATED LITERATUREMicrofinance gained popularity and appreciation over the past three decades for its mechanism of offering small loan to those poor people who were generally excluded from the provision of formal credit facilities. The microfinance use its innovative lending methodology in the presence of incomplete information of the clients and non availability of physical collateral. Generally, lending techniques adopted by the MFIs were individual or group lending. The group lending can be used as screening tools whereas, the joint liability could work as the monitoring device within the group. Nevertheless, the group lending an d joint liability programs of micrfinance are considered as efficient instruments in the expansion of credit facility to the poor (Morduch, 1999 Armendariz and Morduch, 2005).Under the group lending strategy, all the members of the group were provided with the micro loans in their individual capacity. altogether the group members were then made jointly responsible for the repayment of the each others loan in case of default, also future they were denied from any loan facility by the MFIs (Morduch, 1999 Ghatak and Guinnane, 1999). It had been argued that the success of the group lending strategy has been the outcome of various reasons. Firstly, the screening of the clients by the group members, this helps in selecting the credible and honest persons in the group. Secondly, the group members keep a proper check on the utilization of the loan and also they keep on observing the efforts of each of their partners discombobulate exerted in order to make his investment project successf ul. Lastly, each group member faces a peer pressure from his partner which forces them to comply with the repayment conditions of the loan, on with peer pressure the group members have to face social pressure from their society they were living which enforces the contract conditions of loan repayment. In this way it became possible for the lenders to shift their burden on to the borrowers and the problems occurred due to incomplete information can be handled at the borrowers end (Microcredit Summit Compaign, 2005).In the existing literature, there are a number of works explaining the positive impacts of microfinance programs for the small line and investment activities. It has also been pointed out that the implications of microfinance programs kept on varying from borrower to borrower and repayment behavior was not same across the borrowers (Crepon et al. (2011) Banerjee et al. (2010)). On the other hand, there are studies focusing on the merits and demerits of group/joint-liabili ty loans and stressed that the joint liability loans were successful in increasing the repayment rates (Banerjee et al. (1994) Van Tassel (1999) Wydick (2001)). Entirely the same, it had also been mooted by a number of researchers that the espousal of a group or joint liability loans may corpus to increase the risk loving behavior among the borrowers. They may put in a much riskier projects because the repayment responsibilities had been portioned out among the group member. The building of this attitude potentially invites the free-riders (Gine et al. (2010) Fischer (2010) Barboni et al. (2012)). There have been a number of factors addressed in the literature which could involve the repayment behavior of the individuals positively. Such as monitoring either by the lender or by the group members, peer pressure and peer sanctioning, social affiliations among the group members, opportunity for future loans, group size and lower gradation of interest rates (Floro and Yotopoulos, 1991 , Wydick, 1996, Wydick, 1999).Gin and Karlan (2010) conducted randomized field experiments in the Philippines over a point of three years found that group liability bear on the development and advancement of the microfinance program exerting extreme social pressure on the group members, resulting in discouraging the good imparting clients to adopt. They likewise did not notice any difference in repayment rates for both individual liability and group liability cases.Ghattak and Guinnane (1999) has given a comprehensive analysis on the effect of screening, monitoring and enforcement in group lending. They also observed that the lenders cost of group screening, monitoring and enforcement can be reduced if they follow the group liability strategy. It has also been argued that in a group or joint liability cases where the default or failure to repay the loan will affect all the group members, including the defaulting member (as everyone in the group has to pay back the loan) and the wh ole group will stand disqualified for the future acceptance will encourage the group members to monitor each other. In this way, the group lending has the potential to increase the repayment rates. However, it has been viewed that even in the group lending case the monitoring and enforcement through imposition of penalties are costly, but at the same time effective in reducing the lenders risk, due to shifting of responsibility on to the group members (Stiglitz, 1990 Varian, 1990).The researchers have consistently argued that the controls or restrictions like peer monitoring by the group members, restriction on hike loan payment to the defaulter, social pressure from community through close knit social ties and effective monitoring by the MFIs on the individual as well as group borrowers could potentially increase the chances of loan repayment (Abbink et al., 2006a Gine and Karlan, 2010 Cassar et al., 2007 Karlan, 2007). In a recent study by Al-Azzam et al., (2012), inferred that peer pressure on the fellow counterpart within a group could result in a higher rate of payment.1 For example, Armendariz , 1999 and Rai and Sjostrom, 2004.2 See Section 3.2 for details.

The Problems with Fracking Essay -- Environmentalism, Human Health

No Fracking WayImagine a world where fresh and clear wet was a luxury. Imagine water so polluted with chemicals that every plant it comes into contact with dies. As the trees begin to die, oxygen levels drop. As the vegetation dies, wildlife begins to die out. The polluted water which flows through the ground into wells causes arcsecond contamination. As the water flows out of the sink, one can strike a match and light the liquid on fire. Showering in these chemicals is out of the question. Fresh water has become a comfort, rather than a given. Could planet Earth survive this existence? If hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as fracking, were deemed legal, this question may be put to the test. Fracking is a process in which chemicals, sand and water are used in high volumes to fracture feature-bearing layers of rock (Dolesh 2). As the rock breaks, raw(a) gas is released and then collected to be used as energy. The United States is currently sitting on a gold mine of natural ga s which could stimulate our ever declining economy. The question is what price are we willing to pay for a temporary fix? Fracking is a dangerous process that should be deemed under-the-counter due to its harmful short and long-term environmental effects.Before one can see the devastating effects of fracking, one must first conceive how fracking works. As previously stated, the main intent of hydro-fracking is to access and harvest natural gas that lies below the surface of the Earth. Having formed over 400 million age ago by the collision of tectonic plates (Marsa 3), the Marcellus Shale plays host to a gold mine of natural gas, which is currently at the center of the fracking debate in the northeasterly region of the United States. Unfortunately, access... ...er, Cyril Josh. Fracking Up New York State Continues The Debate Over Gas Extraction Process. New York Amsterdam News (2011) 4. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2011.Dolesh, Richard Fracktured Parks. Parks & Recreatio n 46.6 (2011) 56-61. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2011.Marsa, Linda. Fracking Nation. Discover 32.4 (2011) 62-70. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2011.Morriss III, James C., and Christopher D. Smith. The Shales And Shale-Nots Environmental Regulation Of Natural Gas Development. (Cover Story). elan vital Litigation Journal 9.4 (2010) 1-23. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2011.Peltier, Robert. Fracking Problems. Power 155.8 (2011) 6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2011.Rahman, Hashim. New York Puts Fracking On Hold. Planning 77.2 (2011) 4. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2011.

The Apollo 11 Space Flight: Man Explores the Moon and Gains Perspectiv

The 1960s brought cultural transformation through outbreaks of violence and contention. The Love and Peace slogan led to a bloody fear of War and Hate. It was an era of stand and revolt. The decade began with the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr., escalated with the viciousness of Vietnam, and ended with the suspicion of Watergate. And somewhere in the terror of freedom, we saw two Americans walk on the moon. It was while perfect(a) at that crystalline sphere hovering above us that we pondered the scope of our opportunity. On that warm summer night it was a miracle of technology, a step into a revolutionary world, a celebrated triumph. We eng epochd in a political race to the moon against the Communists with a democratic pride that launched us to a new age of scientific exploration. They were footsteps that would be talked about for centuries bringing information that would influence us for decades. Americas Race for the moon Following the Atomic Bomb o f World War II, the linked States was a recognized Superpower, the technological king of advancement. Through our new Elvis albums and poodle skirts, we were enjoying the satisfaction of being the winning team. However, in 1957, our pride was pierced when intelligence hit that Russia had successfully launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to circle the dry land. As President Kennedy said, We are behind and will be for a period in the future (Sullivan 142). We were no longer the superior champions we once were. The Soviet Union seemed unstoppable by 1961 Russian Major Yuri Gagarin became the first man to orbit the earth in a spaceship. Less than two months later, the United States publicly announced their 20 billion dollar space program, Project... ...s. By viewing the Earth as a whole, we discovered truths about humanity that sparked a new perspective of thought and understanding for our generation and the generations to come. We touched the face of another world, and became people without limits (Chaikin ix). plant Cited Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. New York Penguin Books, 1994. Folger, Tim, Sarah Richardson, and Carl Zimmer. Remembering Apollo. Discover July 1994 38-58. Spirit of Apollo A Collection of Reflective Interviews. AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. Sullivan, Walter, ed. Americas Race for the Moon The New York Times Story of Apollo. New York Random House Publishers, 1962. Wilford, John Noble. We Reach the Moon the New York Times story of Mans Greatest Adventure. New York Bantum Books, 1969.